Library: AIU Citation Examples

In-text citations are a brief acknowledgement, within the body of your work, of the source/s that you took information from. Any item that is cited in-text must have a corresponding reference list entry.

APA System of In-Text Citation

Note

The APA uses the Author-Date system of in-text citation.

Parenthetical citation: (Smith, 2020)

Narrative citation: Smith (2020)

Parenthetical and Narrative Citations

Note: In-text citations can be parenthetical, i.e., added after the information taken from a source

Parenthetical citation:  Using grounded theory, a researcher looks at actions taken within a period of time (Martin, 2020)

Note: In-text citations can be narrative, i.e., included as part of your sentence

Narrative citation: Martin (2020) states that, using grounded theory, a researcher looks at actions taken within a period of time

Quotations

Note: Include the last name of the author/s, the publication year, and the page or paragraph number/s.

Parenthetical citation: “The interview protocol enables a person to take notes during the interview about the responses of the interviewee” (Creswell, 2013, p. 168).

Narrative citation: According to Creswell (2013) “The interview protocol enables a person to take notes during the interview about the responses of the interviewee” (p. 168).

Quotation Overlapping Two Pages

Note: If the information from your quote overlaps two pages, include both page numbers separated by an en dash, and use pp., instead of p.

Parenthetical citation: “The identification of ‘patterns’ or themes is central to ethnographic writing” (Creswell, 2013, pp. 233–234).

Narrative citation: Creswell (2013) notes that “the identification of ‘patterns’ or themes is central to ethnographic writing” (pp. 233–234)

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